Pratyahara is a preparatory practice of meditation where one learns to get control over the sense organs. In yoga, there are 11 sense organs in our body; 5 are organs of action (Pancha Karmendriyas), 5 are organs of perception (Pancha Jnanendriyas), and one is manas.
As mind (or manas in yoga) is one of 11 sense organs, on mastering Pratyahara, meditation becomes very simple practice.
Traditional Definition
In 8 limbs of yoga, Pratyahara comes at the 5th step. In yoga sutras, it’s defined in chapter 2 – Sadhana Pada, after discussing the first four limbs Yama, Niayama, Asana & Pranayama.
svavisaya asamprayoge cittasya svarupanukara iv endriyanam pratyaharah
Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 2.54
In the above sutra, Maharishi Patanjali, the father of yoga, introduced the general idea about Pratyahara.
Pratyahara is when the senses (endriyanam) withdraw (asamprayoge) from the consumption of sensory objects (svavisaya), only then (iv), they turn inward and understand the nature of Chitta (cittasya svarupanukara).
After all, understanding the nature of Chitta is what the ultimate aim of yogic practices.
Meaning
To understand what the term “Pratyahara” means, it can be broken down into its 2 root terms;
Pratyahara → Prati + Ahara
- Prati means opposite
- Ahara means the food
In Pratyahara, Prati (opposite) defines a particular set of actions that should be avoided or “to move away from” and Ahara (food) is called to what we consume through our sense organs i.e. objects in the Mundane world.
So literally Pratyahara means to move away from the sense organs consumption of the mundane world.
Normally we are indulged in the mundane world by cognitive senses and respond to it through organs of action. Our cognitive senses eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin (Jnanendriyas) help us perceiving the external objects and through Karmendriyas i.e. ‘feet, hands, rectum, genitals, and mouth’ we respond to what we perceive. It shows our awareness is externalized in normal conditions.
But in the practice of Pratyahara, instead of perceiving and acting on the external world phenomena, we perceive and react on what’s going inside of us.
Pratyahara in Real World
No wonder our inner world is much calm and richer as compare to the outer world so that’s why we want to internalize the awareness which usually flows outward.
You might have experienced this calmness of the inner world when the things of the external world keep bothering you again and again but then, when for a while you close your eyes and cut off from the external world, everything seems to be wonderful as there wasn’t any problem at the first place.
A very common example of it is the turtle. When turtle feels any danger from the external world, turtle instantly pulls all their limbs inside their shell to cover him from danger. As a human, our danger is stress, anxiety, depression, and other inputs from the external world we keep taking in. While ‘our limbs’ are the 5 senses we need to draw inside to avoid this danger.
Before Pratyahara Begins
In the 8 limbs of yoga, the first four practices i.e. Yama, Niyama, Asana & Pranayama are called the Bahiranga Yoga, which means external limbs of yoga, and the next four named as Antaranga Yoga (internal limbs of yoga).
Pratyahara is the bridge that connects two sides of a coin, a journey from the external world to the inner world. Before one begins the practice of Pratyahara, the body should be prepared physically as well as mentally by the first four limbs of yoga.
In Pranayama, the last link before one begins the Pratyahara is called kevala Kumbhaka.
Kevala Kumbhaka Results in Pratyahara
Kumbhaka is called to a state of breath retention in the Hatha Yoga practice of Pranayama. It’s of two types;
- Sahita Kumbhaka – Stopping the breath in Pranayama with our own effort
- Kevala Kumbhaka – Automatic cessation of breath for as long as the practitioner wishes.
The state of kevala kumbhaka is called natural pranayama where you effortlessly get control over your breath.
Once you get mastery on Pranayama i.e. breath regulation, the practice of Pratyahara actually begins, why? Well, the breath controls the mind (or Chitta in yoga), and once Chitta comes in control, we can easily turn outward flowing senses and awareness back to the inner self.
When the breath wanders the mind also is unsteady. But when the breath is calmed the mind too will be still.
Hatha Yoga Pradipika
Thus, when the breath is in control, it stills the mind activity, and in this state, sense organs can be directed inwards easily, without any force or much effort. This state is called “sense withdrawal”, or the Pratyahara.
What Does “Sense Withdrawal” Really Mean?
From the perspective of Pratyahara, I used to understand the meaning of “sense withdrawal” is to stop my senses to interact with the outer world. But if you understand it in such a manner, sooner or later you will realize it’s not possible to practice Pratyahara in a long run.
The problem, of course, isn’t that we inhabit a world in which we are keenly aware of, and often act upon, what we see, hear, smell, taste, and touch. The problem arises when you can’t let go of the sensory pleasure; what we often act upon, what we see, hear, smell, taste, and touch. The problem arises when we start indulging with it, and with time forget the origin from where all it has begun.
In Pratyahara, “sense withdrawal” means maintaining such a state of awareness where your cognitive senses and external attachments do not disturb you in any way. It means your actions, body & mind should not be driven by the external force or the sensory inputs but it should truly be in your control.
Here are some real-life manifestations of Pratyahara when your senses already are withdrawn from the external world without even realizing you;
- Imagine the moment your favorite meal is smelling all around the room and even if you feel its smell, it let not take you off from the task you are working on.
- Sometimes in a conflicting situation, when somebody says something negative to you, and you instead of reacting the same to the person, react in a positive manner.
- Imagine, while you’re walking, your toes slightly get stubbed. Instead of reacting to the sensory input of pain, you had let go of this.
In all these cases, you were not actually driven by the inputs from your senses, instead, you unconsciously observed the demand of the hour and as it was not really needy, you had let go the situations. It can be called as Pratyhara in Abhayasa (process).
The Body and Mind In Pratyahara
Normally, what do we feed our body and mind all day? Pizza, Burger, coffee, social media, news, surrounding chaos, ads, magazines, and other stuff which triggers our emotions and, so the sense organs, in quest of more and more. It involves a lot of metabolic activity and consumption of energy.
But in the state of Pratyhara, body, and mind is said to get their food or inputs from within, from the self itself. Some news articles have shown how some advanced yogis in India had lived decades without the food & water [efn_note] India yogi who claimed to live without food or water https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/05/27/india-yogi-who-claimed-to-live-without-food-or-water-dies-aged-90.html [/efn_note], and above that, some yogis even have survived without the breath for several hours [efn_note] Body, Mind and Spirit Yoga http://www.yogamag.net/archives/1990s/1993/cmay93/bms.html [/efn_note]. It’s not evidenced on practicing Pratyahara you can achieve this kind of superficial powers, but it’s to show how enormous amount of energy our body & mind have. Although this energy could have many names, some call it Kundalini Shakti, while others call pranic shakti but it has one source inside all beings and that is the soul.
The moment you experience a glimpse of that subtle life force (which is called Prana in yoga) inside your body that very moment you already were practicing Pratyahara without even realizing it. Our metabolic activity goes down at this moment and energy that supposed to be consumed through our senses reduced by almost 40%.
Final Words
Most of the time in our daily life, what decides the definition of being good or bad, being right or wrong, being happy or sad, being pleasant or unpleasant, are based on our senses only. When the senses are the masters of our lives, we become slaves to our external experiences.
Pratyahara is not about going against your will or what you want but to understand the difference or limit between what you actually need and what are your senses cravings for. It’s about controlling the thirst of your senses that scattered your awareness to the external world.
This post on Pratyahara was incredibly enlightening! I love how you broke down the concept and its significance in yoga practice. It really helped me understand the importance of withdrawing the senses to deepen my meditation. Looking forward to more insightful articles like this!
Ashish this article has really changed my mindset about what I used to think about Pratyahara. Although I knew Pratyahara is about getting inwardness, but the way you have explained “in the state of Pratyhara, body, and mind is said to get their food or inputs from within, from the self itself.” – It’s very clear to relate. I am so glad to have a read of this article. Thank you 🙂